Assessing Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Change on Stream Flow and Runoff in Rur Basin, Germany

Understanding the impact of land use/land cover (LULC) change on hydrology is key to sustainable water resource management. In this study, we used Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) evaluate LULC runoff in Rur basin, Germany. The SWAT model was calibrated against observed data stream flow at three sites (Stah, Linnich, Monschau) between 2000 2010 validated 2011 2015. performance hydrological assessed by using statistical parameters such as coefficient determination (R2), p-value, r-value, percentage bias (PBAIS). Our analysis reveals that average R2 values for calibration validation were 0.68 0.67 (n = 3), respectively. impacts scenarios replacing partial forest with urban settlements, agricultural land, grasslands compared 2006 map. captured, overall, spatio-temporal patterns effects runoffs despite heterogeneous responses related variable different LULC. results show from deciduous or increased overall basin 43%, 14%, 4%,